关于做为电压基准（尝试室尺度电池）的电池，见Weston电池和Clark电池.
克拉克尺度电池是由约西亚·拉蒂默·克拉克在1873年创造的一种湿式化学电池，能产生高度不变的电压。1893年，克拉克电池在15摄氏度时的输出被国际电气大会定义为1.434伏，那必然义在1894年成为美国的法令。那个定义后来被基于威斯顿电池的定义所代替。
Weston 惠斯顿尺度电池是一种湿式化学电池，产生高度不变的电压，合适做为校准电压表的尝试室尺度。它由爱德华·惠斯顿（Edward Weston）在1893年创造，从1911年起头被接纳为国际尺度，曲到1990年被约瑟夫森电压尺度所代替。
在电压基准芯片之前，高精度的电压基准是如何产生的？若是您不给一个时间限造的话， 最起头电子管也是有电压基准的。
半导体的高精度的电压基准是用的齐纳二极管，
例如 LTZ1000 (贵）或者 LM399 (廉价)。
国内的细密稳压二极管有 2DW234 稳压管及 2DW7稳压管（用两个温度系数相反的管子串联停止抵偿）。
**矿坛长短兄 新型号 老型号 功耗 Im Vz 工做电流 2DW230 2DW7A 0.2 30 5.8～6.6 ~ 2DW231 2DW7B 0.2 30 5.8～6.6 ~ 2DW232 2DW7C红 0.2 30 6～6.5 5mA 2DW233 2DW7C黄 0.2 30 6～6.5 7.5mA 2DW234 2DW7C无色 0.2 30 6～6.5 10mA 2DW235 2DW7C绿 0.2 30 6～6.5 12.5mA 2DW236 2DW7C灰 0.2 30 6～6.5 15mA 注：工做电流是在动态内阻为最小时的电流。集成电路的话， 教科书上有啊。
模仿电路设想手册 京东 ¥211.60 去购置ref
THE BEST OF BOB PEASE：The Design of Band-Gap Reference Circuits: Trials and Tribulations https://www.tayloredge.com/reference/Ganssle-Pease/bobpease-bandgap.pdf https://web刀archive刀0rg/web/20060203095838/http://www.national.com/rap/Application/0,1570,24,00.html （国半被TI收买） AN82 - Understanding and Applying Voltage References https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/application-notes/an82f.pdf https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/how-to-choose-a-voltage-reference.html https://www.digikey.com/en/product-highlight/l/linear-tech/lt6658-precision-voltage-reference The Art of Electronics, by Paul Horowitz & Winfield Hill, Chapter 6, Voltage Regulators and Power Circuits Application note 4936, "Calibrating a Power Supply with a Digital Potentiometer" Tutorial 5067, "Margining and Calibration for Fun and Profit" Application note 226, "Step-Up DC-DC Converter Calibration and Adjustment Using a Digital Potentiometer" Micro-Electronic Circuits, by Adel S. Sedra & Kenneth C. Smith, Chapter 3.6 Operation in the Reverse Breakdown Region—Zener Diodes, Chapter 10.9 to 10.11 Data Converters Tutorial 4300, "Calculating the Error Budget in Precision Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)" Tutorial 5353, "Calculating Effective Resolution for Data Converters" Tutorial 4602, "Adjusting the Calibrating Out Offset and Gain Error in a Precision DAC" Tutorial 5060, "ADC/DAC Accuracy Calculator Tutorial" Tutorial 5061, "Effective Number of Bits Calculator Tutorial" Tutorial 886, "Selecting the Right Comparator" Tutorial 719, "Understanding Voltage-Reference Topologies and Specifications" Application note 4003, "Series or Shunt Voltage Reference?" Application note 4419, "Understanding Voltage-Reference Temperature Drift" Application note 4672, "Understanding Temperature Drift in a Precision Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)" Tutorial 4704, "Introduction to Electronic Calibration and Methods for Correcting Manufacturing Tolerances in Industrial Equipment Designs" Application note 4494, "Methods for C alibrating Gain Error in Data-Converter Systems" www.maximintegrated.com/cal Tutorial 5275, "Calibration—Needless or a Necessity?" Tutorial 5066, "When Is Calibration Important?" Application note 4711, "Digital Calibration Makes Automated Test Easy; Calibration FAQs" Tutorial 5036, "Calibration Circuit Library" Application note 1956, "Tips to Remember When Designing with Digital Potentiometers" Application note 593, "Digital Potentiometers: Frequently Asked Questions" Tips and tricks for designing with voltage references (Rev. A) https://www.ti.com/lit/eb/slyc147a/slyc147a.pdf Voltage references https://www.ti.com/power-management/voltage-reference/overview.html
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